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europeanaEuropeana – a single access point to Europe's cultural heritage Europeana is the common access point to the collections of European libraries, archives and museums from all around Europe. Europeana providing direct online access to at least 2 million items.
A European digital library for all – researchers, professionals and the publicEuropeana Now Accessible: http://www.europeana.eu/portal/(The website will re-open in mid December, 2008) Europeana is a simple but powerful tool for finding resources from all over Europe. Books, journals, films, maps, photos, music etc. will be available for everyone to consult – and to use, copyright permitting. For example, the library will be a rich source of materials for the creative and information industries in developing new products and services, for tourism and for teaching. Experience shows that online library services work. Gallica, the online section of the French National Library, gets 4 000 downloads a day and 1.5 million hits a month. Adding material and improving search toolsAfter the launch of the prototype, Europeana will be developed into a fully operational service, and more content will be added to the library. In 2010 over 10 million digital items should be accessible. New features – such as annotation tools for researchers – may be developed and added to Europeana in response to user demand. And in due course, the intention is for users to contribute materials too (through an open-source approach, like Wikipedia ). A decentralised library managed by expertsThe European digital library will not be brought together into a single database but Europeana will be a single access point, linking up to databases all over Europe. Users will no longer need to search digital libraries individually to find what they are looking for. The single access point ("portal") will be run by the European Digital Library Foundation. Created on 8 November 2007, the Foundation is a collection of European cultural institutions – all committed to the project but retaining their independence, for example in hiring staff or seeking sponsorship. Its founding members include European associations of libraries, archives, museums and audiovisual archives. The operational structure supporting Europeana is hosted by the Dutch National Library. Europeana is a simple but powerful tool for finding resources from all over Europe. Books, journals, films, maps, photos, music etc. will be available for everyone to consult – and to use, copyright permitting. For example, the library will be a rich source of materials for the creative and information industries in developing new products and services, for tourism and for teaching. Experience shows that online library services work. Gallica, the online section of the French National Library, gets 4 000 downloads a day and 1.5 million hits a month. Adding material and improving search toolsAfter the launch of the prototype, Europeana will be developed into a fully operational service, and more content will be added to the library. In 2010 over 10 million digital items should be accessible. New features – such as annotation tools for researchers – may be developed and added to Europeana in response to user demand. And in due course, the intention is for users to contribute materials too (through an open-source approach, like Wikipedia ). A decentralised library managed by expertsThe European digital library will not be brought together into a single database but Europeana will be a single access point, linking up to databases all over Europe. Users will no longer need to search digital libraries individually to find what they are looking for. The single access point ("portal") will be run by the European Digital Library Foundation. Created on 8 November 2007, the Foundation is a collection of European cultural institutions – all committed to the project but retaining their independence, for example in hiring staff or seeking sponsorship. Its founding members include European associations of libraries, archives, museums and audiovisual archives. The operational structure supporting Europeana is hosted by the Dutch National Library. What does "EUROPEANA" mean? -excerpt from http://ec.europa.eu ALIVEwe are alive
really alive
with pulse and heart
sweat and blood
here and now 欧洲文化之都-转载在文化遺產保存與維護的歷史發展上,歐洲一直是過去最主要的論述中心(現在世界各國則已經開始朝多元論述的方向努力中)。這當中當然包括了各歐洲國家對於文化遺產事務的推動與合作,台灣在面對文化遺產的保存與維護工作最常借鏡的是日本經驗(最主要的原因還是從現存歷史建築物的年代回溯來看,多以日治時期的建築為大宗,清領時期或是其他時期的次之…)。除此之外,在陳郁秀女士擔任文建會主委期間,特別將她所熟稔的法國經驗也引入台灣,甚至每年都會舉辦以「馬樂侯」(Georges André Malraux, 1901-1976)(註1)為名的文化遺產相關研討會,這些都算是非常重要的經驗交流,對台灣國際視野的開拓都有重要的影響。
台灣受限於政治情勢與國際地位的現實,很少有機會觸及到歐洲國家對於文化遺產活動的交流機會,在我研究文化遺產管理的過程中,「歐洲聯盟」(European Union)與「歐洲理事會」(Council of Europe)的文化政策對於文化遺產保存與維護事務的影響其實也非常關鍵,其中,有一個在旅遊市場很常見到的廣告噱頭,就是用「歐洲文化之都」來作為宣傳。什麼是「歐洲文化之都」?它很了不起嗎?
(以下文字請見註2)
「歐洲文化之都」始於「歐洲文化之都計劃」(The European Capital of Culture plan),是1983年的12月由希臘文化部長Melina Mercouri邀請當時歐洲共同體(European community)各國文化部長於希臘雅典聚會(即歐盟部長會議;The Council of Ministers of the European Union)時所提出的一個概念。Merlina希望藉由「歐洲文化之都」這個計劃讓會員國間透過不同文化的交流與分享,拉近歐洲人民的關係並進而營造出一股具有多元文化特色的「歐洲共識」(European Consensus)。「歐洲文化之都」的提案於1985年開始實施,第一屆的文化之都便以希臘的雅典城作為代表。第一階段計劃從1985年到2004年止,目前歐盟已通過第二階段計劃將從2005年繼續到2019年,並將此計畫置於共同體文化合作行動計劃「文化2000」(culture 2000)的架構之下。
每年的歐洲文化之都的選出是相當具有民主程序的:歐盟會員國每年得以向歐洲議會(European Parliament)、部長理事會(Council of Ministers)、歐盟執委會(European Executive Council)及區域委員會(District Commissions)提名一個或數個參與來年歐洲文化之都的候選都市及推薦的理由。重要的是,會員國在提名每個歐洲文化之都的同時,也必須附帶提出一個符合歐盟文化合作精神的文化計劃。接著,候選城市名單將交由執委會所成立的特別小組在參考歐洲議會提書的意見後加以審核。最後則由部長理事會參考執委會提出的報告選出來年的「歐洲文化之都」。這個活動也已開放給非歐盟地區的歐洲國家參加,不過,需要歐盟部長理事會全體通過才可獲選為歐洲文化之都。
而這些歐洲文化之都都必須盡力達成下列目標:促進藝術活動的發展並持續發揚此一精神、鼓勵文化領域中的成員得以跨越國界的互相合作、保證藝術工作者及參與人員的自由流通、利用多媒體或是多語言的方式鼓勵歐洲市民更親近藝術並得以拓展更廣泛的觀賞群眾、鼓勵歐洲文化和其文化交流、發掘保護文化遺跡並提昇城市的生活品質等等。
從1990年開始,為了更拓廣歐洲文化之都這類的概念及想法,歐盟提出了「歐洲文化月」的計劃。這和歐洲文化之都計劃的實施方式類似,然而,可以參加的對象不再只限於歐盟會員國都市,而擴及至一些中、東歐國家,一年的期限也縮短成一個月。波蘭的克拉科夫(Cracow)便於1992年被選為首屆歐洲文化月的舉辦都市。
除了計劃範圍的擴大之外,從1991年開始,為了能延續每任歐洲文化之都的經驗,歐洲文化之都創造了屬於自己的網絡,各屆舉辦歐洲文化之都的活動經驗於是得以快速的累積下來,以提供給未來的主辦城市當作參考或是藉由網絡尋求策劃活動上的協助。事實上,網絡平台的建立幾乎已成為歐盟所有的計劃中不可缺少的一環。因為唯有藉著經驗的交換、累積和傳承,才是所有計劃得以長久繼續並愈趨完美的不二法門。
成為歐洲文化的都市不一定是要像雅典、巴黎等擁有高度文化藝術成就的大都市才足以當選,像是西班牙薩拉滿加(Salamanca)、奧地利的格拉茲(Graz)等小城市也都曾因為其特殊的文化特色及其帶動的文化計劃而當選成為歐洲文化之都。 【歐洲文化之城】
1985: 雅典 (希臘) / Athens (Greece)
1986: 佛羅倫斯(義大利) / Florence (Italy)
1987: 阿姆斯特丹 (荷蘭) / Amsterdam (Netherlands)
1988: 西柏林 (西德) / West Berlin (West Germany),註:當時的德國尚未統一。
1989: 巴黎 (法國) / Paris (France)
1990: 格拉斯哥 (英國) / Glasgow (United Kingdom)
1991: 都柏林 (愛爾蘭) / Dublin (Ireland)
1992: 馬德里 (西班牙) / Madrid (Spain)
1993: 安特衛普 (比利時) / Antwerp (Belgium)
1994: 里斯本 (葡萄牙) / Lisbon (Portugal)
1995: 盧森堡 (盧森堡) / Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
1996: 哥本哈根 (丹麥) / Copenhagen (Denmark)
1997: 薩洛尼卡 (希臘) / Thessaloniki (Greece)
1998: 斯德哥爾摩 (瑞典) / Stockholm (Sweden)
1999年起更名為【歐洲文化之都】
1999: 威瑪(德國) / Weimar (Germany)
2000: 雷克雅未克(冰島)、柏根(挪威)、赫爾辛基(芬蘭)、布魯塞爾(比利時)、布拉格(捷克)、克拉科夫(波蘭)、聖地亞哥-德孔波斯特拉(西班牙)、阿維儂(法國)、波隆尼亞(義大利) / Reykjavík (Iceland), Bergen (Norway), Helsinki (Finland), Brussels (Belgium), Prague (Czech Republic), Krakow (Poland), Santiago de Compostela (Spain), Avignon (France), Bologna (Italy),註:2000年的名單會這麼多,大概是因為千禧年吧,這部份我並未究其因。
2001: 鹿特丹(荷蘭)、波爾多(葡萄牙) / Rotterdam (Netherlands) , Porto (Portugal)
2002: 布魯日(比利時)、薩拉曼卡(西班牙) / Bruges (Belgium), Salamanca (Spain)
2003: 格拉茨(奧地利) / Graz (Austria)
2004: 熱那亞(義大利)、里爾(法國) / Genoa (Italy), Lille (France)
2005: 科克(愛爾蘭) / Cork (Ireland)
2006: Patras (希臘) / Patras (Greece)
2007: 盧森堡(盧森堡)、錫比烏(羅馬尼亞) / Luxembourg and greater region (Luxembourg), Sibiu (Romania)
【2008以後的後選名單】
2008: 利物浦(英國)、斯塔萬格(挪威) / Stavanger and Sandnes (Norway), Liverpool (United Kingdom)
2009: 維爾紐斯(立陶宛)、林茨(奧地利) / Linz (Austria) , Vilnius (Lithuania)
2010:伊斯坦堡(土耳其)、佩琪(匈牙利)、埃森(德國) Istanbul (Turkey) / Pécs (Hungary) — Essen (Germany)
2011: Turku (Finland) — Tallinn (Estonia)
2012: Guimarães (Portugal) — Maribor (Slovenia)
2013: France — Slovakia
2014: Sweden — Latvia
2015: Belgium — Czech Republic
2016: Spain — Poland
2017: Denmark — Cyprus
2018: Netherlands — Malta
2019: Italy - Bulgaria
【註釋】
註1:馬樂侯(Georges André Malraux)是法國歷史上非常重要的文化推手,曾任戴高樂時代法國文化部長,法國的重大文化遺產政策均始於他之手。詳細介紹請見: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux
註2:本文後半部的文字我有小部份修改自黃聿卉小姐在「歐洲聯盟研究協會」官方網站上所刊載的文章,許多是加註中英文對照的專有名詞,因此若須對照原著者,請聯結到
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dreamWhen I'm with you
I dreamed of grandmama
her benevolent smile thaws all the dissatisfaction and resentment
dreamed of elephant
happy elephant family, papa, mama & elephant baby
dreamed of sky
clear dotted by the colors of rainbow
but I haven't dreamed of you
What kind of dream are you having tonight?
Ivy Weekly April 21-27April 21 Ministry of Culture BJ Meeting Ivy Weekly April 28-May 3April 28 World Rituals
OCCC DA April 29 World Rituals OCCC DA Westin champagne April 30 Italy Signing Ceremony Berlin Youth Music Festival Italian Chinapartners
Paloma Spanish Events May 1 Secret Garden Concert at SH Grand Stage May 2 World Music-Tuwa & Pumi Minority
May 3 Home Ivy Weekly April14-20April 14 Hungarian Commissioner General
April 15
April 16 Monaco Signing Ceremony
April 17
April 18 Opening Ceremony of Suzhou Tourism Festival
April 19 Beijing Ivy Weekly March7-13March 7 Meeting with Mr. Liu, Deputy Director of Shanghai Administration Bureau of Film, Television, Broadcasting.
(I was so touched and appreciated greatly his advice)
March 8 Wandering in design-where's your insight? creativity? inspiration? vision?
March 9 Meeting with Polly Group&Rolls Royce
March10 Meeting with Mr. Teng, Deputy Dierctor of Shanghai Media Group
Report on Shanghai Week in Spain(perfect)
March11 Meeting with Royal Swedish Opera
Advanced English Course(cancelled Celion Dion Concert)
March12 Spanish Lesson with Flora
Documentary of Karajan at Shanghai Concert Hall
Meeting with Ms. Kong from Stuttgart
March13 Spanish lession with Flora
Drama Norwegian Forest at Shanghai Theater Academy
Idea of Strategic Planning in midnight
Ivy Weekly March 31-April 6March31 Department Meeting(Security issue)
Mass Culture Group
Mr. Eric Verwaal, Consul General of Consulate General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
April 1 Preparation meeting for 3 party Conference
April 2 Mid night meeting on OCCC
Zaragoza EXPO
April 3 Queensland Government delegation
Ms. Susan Dietz-Henderson, Consul Genral of Australian Consulate General
April 4 Exhibition of French National Pavilion Design at Shanghai Exhibition Hall
Shanghai Drama Arts Center
April 5 Initiate proposal of event programming
Shanghai Concert Hall Lecture on World Music
April 6 Initiate proposal of event programming
Shanghai Concert Hall lecture on World Music with May
Night meeting on OCCC Ivy Weekly March 24-30March 24 Meeting Memo of National Conference of Cultural Events
March 25 Start project of Royal Swedish Ballet
March 26 Preparation meeting for Zaragoza Expo
March 27 Meeting with Ms. Catharina Eklund, Consul Consulate General of Sweden
Opening Ceremony of World Travel Fair
Wei Wei 18 Lounge
March 28 Concert of Greek Cultural Year at Shanghai Concert Hall(1 hour postponed)
Li Li 18 Lounge
March 29 Modern Jazz Class at Jazz du Funk
March 30 Meeting with the Children's Palace, China Welfare Institute
Knocked out JW Marriot Ivy Weekly March 17-23March 17 Meeting with GM of SCD
(Coordination between SCD and Expo Bureau)
March 18 Meeting with Ms. Leigh Gibson, Artistic Director of British Council (Brainstorm)
March 19 Commercial Law course at Fudan University
March 20 Preparation meeting for Shanghai Week in Zaragoza
(opportunity of Zaragoza)
Called driver, interpretor, monk in Tibet after the riot on March14(painful)
March 21 Meeting with Mr. Vicente Gonzales Loscertales, Secretary General of BIE
(Coordination between Expo Bureau&CCPIT, internal coordination)
Oliver American Music Parade in celebration for Olympics and EXPO 2010
TOEIC Test
Sheraton-The Eternal Great Wall Concert in 1996 by Shanghai Oriental TV
(Concept of blocking the Great Wall, story of singer Ms. Xiaoyan Zhou)
March 22 National Conference on Cultural Events of EXPO 2010 in Sheraton
Huangpu River Cruise(Happy colleagues/ Development of the Bund/OCCC)
March 23 National Conference on Cultural Events of EXPO 2010-West Region Discussion
Magpie Massage
Je Chat-History(Osmanlı İmparatorluğu)
Ivy Weekly March10-16March 10 CCPIT-China Council For the Promotion of International Trade
China Chamber of International Commerce
March 11 Preparation meeting of Third Party Events Conference in Bureau
Hospital
March 12 Preparation meeting of Third Party Events Conference in Bureau
March 13 Hospital
Report on Cultural Research
March 14 Movie-Saturno Contro at Italian Consulate General
Marco Muller Direttore of La Biennale di Venezia
March 15 Shanghai Oriental Arts Center
Dr. Axel Baisch-Executive Director of Deutsche Oper Berlin
March 16 Hangzhou
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